Major reasons for restricted use are paid access to GIS software and difficult interpretation for non-GIS professionals. The potential of GIS to improve planning, implementation and monitoring of programs and to inform policymaking processes for universal access to healthcare is grossly underutilized. Use of GIS in public health is currently limited to tracking immunizations, disease surveillance, and establishing new service areas.
The main part of the survey, Section 6.4, covers a va Then, Section 6.3 looks at some perceptual issues and theoretical results in geovisualization. First, the range of possible goals of geovisualization and its driving forces are described in Section 6.1 and 6.2, respectively. Since it is the human who uses visualizations to explore data and construct knowledge, effective geovisualization techniques must above all take the user needs into account.
It is clear that geovisualization research is a multidisciplinary task. There are a few immediate observations from these definitions. Others take a more human-centered view and describe geovisualization as " the creation and use of visual representations to facilitate thinking, understanding, and knowledge construction about geospatial data " or as " the use of visual geospatial displays to explore data and through that exploration to generate hypotheses, develop problem solutions and construct knowledge ". The following notion according to the 2001 research agenda of the International Cartographic Association (ICA) Commission on Visualization and Virtual Environments is most widely accepted today: " Geovisualization integrates approaches from visu-alization in scientific computing (ViSC), cartography, image analysis, information visualization, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and geographic information systems (GISystems) to provide theory, methods and tools for visual exploration, analysis, synthesis, and presentation of geospatial data ". Nonetheless, to avoid misconceptions, the most common definitions of the term geovisualization (short for geographic visualization) will be given. Many readers will have a vague idea of what geographic visualization is about. These visualizations may help to explore, understand, and communicate spatial phenomena. Moreover, the use of modern visualization technology offers many new possibilities for geographical visualization tasks. Well-known examples of static visualizations beyond geographic maps are thematic maps that display the spatial pattern of a theme such as climate characteristics or population density. This is why computer-based geographic visualization can build upon a large base of established cartographic knowledge. Since then cartography, the art and science of map-making, has evolved continuously until today. The earliest examples of geographic visualization even date back to the stone age with map-like wall paintings depicting the surroundings of our ancestors. Geographic visualizations always played an important role in human history, especially in the earth sciences, long before computer visualizations became popular.
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